Chapter I

·         Expresion for greeting, leave-taking, and introduction

Function	Expresion	Response
Greeting	Assalamu’alaikum	Wa’alaikumussalam
	Good morning/afternoon/ Evening	Good morning/afternoon/ Evening
	Hello!	Hello there!
	Hi!	Hi!
	Hi there! Hoe are you?	Hi, im very well. Thanks. How are you?
	Hi! How are you going?	Hello, im greeat. How about you
	Hey, it’s nice to see you again	Yeah, nice to see you again to
	What’s up there, mate?	What’s up? Im good
	Hey!	Hey
	Yow!	Yeah
Leave-Taking	Good bye	---  as a response you can either say the exactly same or different expresion of your friend
	So long
	Bye bye
	See you (around)
	Catch you late
Introducting yourself	Hello my name is ....	Hello .... My name is ....
	Hello, my name is ....	Hi, .... im ....
	Hi, i’m ...	Hi, im ....

·         Expresion for asking and giving personal information

Personal Information	Question	Response
Name	What’s your name?	Im hasan
	May i know your name?	My name is hasan
Origin	Where are you from?	Im from yogyakarta
	Where do you come from?	I come from yogyakarta
Nationality	What’s your nayionality?	I am indonesian/british
Address	Where dou you live?	I live in yogyakarta/kotabaru/ Indonesia
		I live on jl. Semeru/jl. Yudistira, bulaksumur
	What’s your address	I live at jl. Semeru no. 43 yogyakarta
		It’s jl. Semeru no. 43 yogyakarta
Telephone Number	What’s your telephone number?	It’s 085701125550
Zip/Postal Code	Whats your postal code?	56465
Occupation	What’s tour occupation/job?	I am student
	What do you do (for living)	I am teacher
Education	Where do you study?	I study at UIN
	Where do you go to school?	UGM majoring jurisprudence
Age	How old are you?	Im 17 year old
Maritial Status	Are you married?	No, im single
		Yes, im married with 2 children

Hobbies	What’s (are) your hobby (hobbies)?	I like gaming
	What do you dou for fun?	I am crazy about gaming
	What do you do in your Spare?

Date Of Birth	When where you born?	I was born in 1993/august 1993
		I was born on 24 august 1993
		I was born at noon
	What’s your birth date?	Is it 24 august 1993
	What’s your birthday?	Is it 24 august

·         The Simple Sentence

The most basic type of sentence is the simple sentence, which contains only one clause. A simple sentence cen be as short as one word. Usualy, however, the simpli sentence has a subject as well as a predicate and both the subject and the predicare may have modifiers. All of the following are simple sentences, because each contains only one clause.

·         Scanning

Scaning is  very high speed reding. Scanning or reading the scan means finding specific information quickly and accurately. Scan means flying over the pages of a book. Reading by means sweep scanning technique book pages to find something that is needed. Scanning associated with rapid eye move throughout certain parts of the page to search for specific words and phrases.

How to scan :

Ø  State the specifik information you are looking for

Ø  Try to anticipate how the answer will apear and what clues you might use to help you locate the answer

Ø  Use heading and any other aids that will help you identify which section might contain the information you are looking for.

Chapter II

·         Recornize and Use personal pronouns

Are uset to show possession. They are usually put preceding the noun modified. Possessive are used in english to avoid repeatin g information that is alraeady clear. In general it makes the sentence less confusing because the same information is not being repeated.

Subject	Possesive	Possesive
Pronoun	Adjective	Pronoun
I	My	Mine
You	Your	Yours
We	Our	Ours
They	Their	Theirs
She	Her	Hers
He	His	His
It	It	-

Chapter III

·         Adverbs of frequency

To ask the frequency of an activity done by someone, we usually use how often and how many times.

100% ßà 0%

(always) (almost always) (usually) (often) (sometimes) (seldom) (hardly ever) (almost never) (never)

·         Preposition of time

Ø  At (time of day)

   At 5 o’clock

   At 11.45

   At midnight

   At noon

Ø  On (days and dates)

   On Friday

   On 12 dec

   On idul fitri

   On my birthday

Ø  In (months/years/seasons)

   In october

   In the winter

   In 2014

   In the future

·         Skiming

Skiming is a tecnique used in speed reading in order to find the general idea of passage (topic, main idea, etc)

Chapter IV

·         Expresion for driscribing physical appearance

Physical appearance	Question	Responses
General appaearance	What does he look like?	He’s pretty tsll, with red hair
		Well, he is rather tall and thin
	Does he wear glasses?	Yes, he does
	Does he have a mustache	No, he doesn’t
Hair	What color is he hair?	Light brown
		He has dark brown hair
		She is a blonde
		She is a bruntte
		She is redhead
	How long is her hair?	It’s medium lenght
Age	How old is he?	He’s about 25
		He’s in his	Early	Twenties
			mid	teens
			Late	forties
Height	How tall is she?	She is fairly short
		She’s 152 cm (five feet)
Weight	How munch does he weight?	He weight 56 kilograms
		Around 140 pound
		About 70 kilograms
Clothes	What is he wearing?	He’s wearing a brown polo shirt
		He’s in a black tuxedo
Facial features	Mole, acne, wrinkle, moustache, beard, etc

·         Description words for personality traits

1.      Gentle

2.      Lazy

3.      Helpful

4.      Rude, etc

Chapter V

·         Present progresive tense

Is commonly used to express an activity in progres or ongoing activity. (be + Ving)

I           am studying     english

He        is sleeping        on the sofa

You     are discussing  the topic

Negative form

Negative form	Introgative form
I am not studying english	I am studying english?
	Yes, i am/no i am not
He is not sleeping on the sofa	Is he sleeping on the sofa?
	Yes, he is/no he isn’t
You are not discussing the topic	Are you discussing the topic?
	Yes, you are/no you aren’t

The time markes usually used in present progessive tense are now, right now, and at the moment. Not all the verds can be used in progessive tenses, which are called non-progessive verbs or non-action verbs.

Common non-progessive or non-action verbs include :

a)      Emotional state : hate. Like, love, etc

b)      Mental state : know, remember, think, etc

c)      Possesion : have, own, possess, belong

d)      Sense and perceptions : hear, see, smell, etc

·         Simple present tense

Positif (+)	S + v1	She likes eating out
Negative (-)	S + (do/does) + not + v1	She doesn’t like eating out
Introgative (?)	(do/does) + S + v1	Does she like eating out

a)      Use for things in general or things that happen repetedly

b)      Use with adverb of frequency

c)      Use for a permanentsituation

·         Present progesive tense

Positive (+)	S + to be + ving + o	We are studying now.
Negative (-)	S + to be + not + ving + o	We are not (aren't) studying now.
Introgative (?)	To be + s + ving + o	Are you studying now?

a)      Use for something that is happening at or around the time of speaking

b)      Use to describe something that is happening in the extended time

c)      Use for a temporary situation

Chapter VI

·         Expresion used by salespeople

a)      May i help you?

b)      Here’s your change

c)      Im sorry, it’s  fixed price

d)      Etc

·         Expresion used by costomers

a)      Can you help me?

b)      I’m just looking around

c)      May i bergain

d)      Etc

·         Countable nouns

a)      Refer to people or things that can be couted. Can be singular or plural

Singular	Plural
One customer	Two customers
One restaurant	Two restourants

b)      Use a or ant before singular nouns : i ate sandwich and an orange

c)      Add –s or –es for plural nouns : he ate two sandwiches and three oranges

d)      Use in affirmative statements : i bouht some apples

e)      Use in questions and negative statments :

A : Do we have any vegetables?

B : No, we dont have any vegetables

·         Non-countable nouns

a)      Refer to things that cannon be counted, do not put a, an, or a number, and do not add –s or –es, because not have a plural form

b)      Use a quantity word to indicate the amount

c)      Use in affirmative statments : have some milk

d)      Use in questions and negative statments :

A : do we have any soup?

B : no, we dont have any soup

·         Quantity of things

Use for units of measurement

a)      A bottle of ....

b)      A cube of ....

c)      A glass of ....

d)      A bag of ....

e)      Etc

Chapter VII

·         Simple future tense

Time is a form used to express an action or activity that will take place the days to come.

a)      Use shall/will

Positive (+)	S + shall/will + v1 + o	She will go to Paris tomorrow.
Negative (-)	S + shall/will + not + v1 + o	She will not (won't) go to Paris tomorrow.
Introgative (?)	Shall/will + s + v1 + o	Will she go to Paris tomorrow ?

b)      Use be going to

Positife (+)	S + to be + going to + v1 + o	I am going to read a newspaper tomorrow.
Negative (-)	S + to be + not + gong to + v1 + o	I am not going to read a newspaper tomorrow.
Introgative (?)	To be + s + going to + v1 + o	Are you going to read a newspaper tomorrow?

·         Expresion for inviting and request (using shall/will)

a)      Inviting

-          Will you come with me to .... ?

-          Shall we go someplace?

-          Shall we go to .... ?

b)      Request

-          Would will be ok if i used your laptop?

-          Would you mind if i borrowed your laptop?

-          I wonder if you would mind lending me your laptop

Chapter VIII

·         Simple past tense

used to express an action or activity that occurred in the past and the events of the time it has been known.

I	Was	I	Did/didn’t
You	Were	You
They		They
We		We
He	Was	He
She		She
It		It

Positive (+)	S + v2 + o	He bought a pair of shoes yesterday.
Negative (-)	S + didn’t + v1 + o	He didn't buy a pair of shoes yesterday.
Introgative (?)	Did + s + v1 + o	Did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday?

Chapter IX

·         Simple perfect tense

a)      Expresses activities or situations that occured

b)      Expres activities that wewe repeated severar or many times in the past

c)      Used with since or for, it expres situations that began in the past and continue to the present

·         Adjective and adverb

a)      Adjective is usually used to modify nouns and/or pronouns

-          The bag is cheap

-          He is serious

b)      Adverb is used to modify verb, adjectives, other adverb and/or the whole sentence

-          He talks seriously

-          She is very beutiful

Adverb is usually formed by adjective + ly, but there are some adverb which have same form as adjecteive

Adjective	Adverb
Quick	Quickly
Serious	Seriuosly
careful	carefully

Chapter X

·         Passive voice

Sentence are passive when the subject does not perform the action

Passive + to be	Present	Is, am, are
	Past	Was, were
	Perfect	Has/have + been
	modul	be

·         Preposition of place

a)      In

b)      At

c)      On

d)      Under

e)      Next to (near) beside, between, in front of, behind, among

f)       Opposite

g)      Above and below

h)       

·         Paragraph outline

A paragraph is a basic unit of organization in wring in which a group of related sentences develops one main idea of a particular single topic. A paragraph can be as short as one sentence or as long as ten sentence. A paragraph is made up of three kinds of sentences to develp the wrinter’s main idea, opinion of feeling about a subject, namely :

a)      Topic sentence

b)      Supporting sentences

c)      Concluding sentence

Chapter XI

·         Conjunction

May be used to indicate the relationship berween the ideas expressed in a clause and ideas expressed in the rest of a sentence.

a)      Coordinate conjunctions

Used to join two similiar grammatical contruction

b)      Corelative conjunctions

Used in pairs, in order to show the relationship bertween the expressed the ideas expressed in different parts of a sentence

c)      Subordinate conjungtion

Usually used in complex sentence using sub-clauses. Bellow are commonly used subordinate congjunction and theur meanings and examples

Chapter XII

·         Relative pronouns

Is a pronoun that is introduces a relative clause. It is called a “relative” pronoun, because it “relates” to the word yhat it modifiers. Who and which are relative pronouns. We used who for people. We use which for animals and things